logic philosophical investigation

Volume 43, Issue 3. [45], Findlay argued that in Ideas, Husserl attempted to disguise changes that had occurred in his opinions by attributing his views as of 1913 to the earlier Logical Investigations. He maintained that a phenomenological theory of intentionality based on Husserl's insights cannot be non-relational. [4], In Volume II, Husserl discusses the relevance of linguistic analysis to logic and continues his criticism of Mill. He credited Husserl with introducing a "rich and insightful approach to psychic life" in the Logical Investigations. The False grammatical account ("Words are names and the meaning of a name is the thing the name stands for") 3. He had not expected that the work would receive much attention, since it was allied with neither the trend to return to Kant nor the turn toward experimental psychology, and was surprised when it aroused considerable interest, something Husserl later attributed to its alignment with trends in philosophy, including one Melle summarized as a drive toward "an integration or synthesis of the legitimate motives" of both empiricism and rationalism. Volume 43, Issue 4. He argued that Nelson misunderstood and oversimplified Husserl's views and that his arguments against Husserl were flawed. Wittgenstein's use of the words 'grammar' and 'logic' (Conceptual revision, and why logic = grammar = meaning = use in the language) 2. I have written down all these thoughts as remarks, short paragraphs, of which there is Philosophy of logic, the study, from a philosophical perspective, of the nature and types of logic, including problems in the field and the relation of logic to mathematics and other disciplines. [47] Sávio Passafaro Peres has discussed the work in Estudos e Pesquisas em Psicologia and Psicologia USP. He maintained that Husserl's development of a theory of "symbolic knowledge" in the Logical Investigations showed that such a theory had been a significant problem for the early Husserl. The Logical Investigations has been compared to the work of the philosophers Immanuel Kant and Wilhelm Dilthey, the latter of whom praised the work. Two comprehensive introductory chapters into the philosophical and logical foundations make the text understandable also for non-logicians ethicists, social scientists and students of philosophy. Introduction to the Synopsis(The background and context of Wittgenstein's work) The Synopsis is in thirteen chapters, divided across three Web pages. [62] The philosopher Robert Sokolowski credited Husserl with providing a convincing critique of psychologism. However, he criticized the first edition of the Logical Investigations for sharply distinguishing between "the thing as given to us" and the thing-in-itself, a standpoint he considered comparable to Kant's. ", "Evidência e Significação nas Investigações Lógicas: o papel do conceito de evidência na semântica e na epistemologia de Husserl", "Embodied Expression: The Role of the Lived Body in Husserl's Notion of Intention Fulfilment", "Eidetic psychology and theory of knowledge in Logical Investigations by Husserl", "Therapeutic potential of transcendental inquiry in the Husserlian philosophy", "Philosophy, the Sartre blend: uncovering the birth of existentialism", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Logical_Investigations_(Husserl)&oldid=993441170, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 10 December 2020, at 16:59. Written by one of the century's truly great thinkers, Ludwig Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations is a remarkable--and surprisingly approachable--collection of insights, statements, and nearly displayed thinking habits of the philosopher's work on language, symbols, categories, and a host of other topics. 8 . This topic continues the discussion of Plato's Phaedrus 263a: "There are words about whose meanings we are at variance." PHIL 100: Problems of Philosophy (GEF 5) An elementary examination of such philosophical problems as the mind-body problem, the existence of God, freedom and determinism, and the nature of persons and their knowledge. He noted that Husserl believed that most reactions to the work involved serious misunderstandings, for which Husserl believed that his use of the misleading term "descriptive psychology", which suggested a relapse into psychologism, was partly responsible. Pages: 299-401. The courses in logic at Harvard cover all of the major areas of mathematical logic—proof theory, recursion theory, model theory, and set theory—and, in addition, there are courses in closely related areas, such as the philosophy and foundations of mathematics, and theoretical issues in the theory of computation. In 1908 he began his studies in aeronauticalengineering at Manchester University where his interest in thephilosophy of pure mathematics led him to Frege. He attributed to Husserl the view that, "meanings are mind-independent structures that are also structures of consciousness", finding it controversial but defensible. He argued that the first edition of the work suffered from Husserl's "early conception of phenomenology as descriptive psychology", which resulted in "a misconception Philosophical Logic. [24], Discussions of the work in the European Journal of Philosophy include those by Gianfranco Soldati,[23] Irene McMullin,[25] and Lambert Zuidervaart. How do you prove that a model of logic is correct? "[42], Belousov questioned the details of Husserl's understanding of intentionality, noting that Husserl came to different conclusions in later works such as Ideas. Another way of stating this: induc-tive logic investigates arguments in which the truth of the premises makes likely the truth of the conclusion. [31][32], Varga discussed the philosopher Leonard Nelson's criticism of Husserl's arguments against psychologism in the Logical Investigations in Über das sogennante Erkenntnisproblem (1908), noting that Nelson charged Husserl with "mistaking deduction for proof" and thereby falsely assuming that a psychological foundation of logic would inevitably lead to a vicious circle. According to Melle, Husserl was forced by concerns about his career to publish the Logical Investigations despite his awareness of these problems. He characterized these changes as "the Hermeneutic Tum" in the Husserlian phenomenology of language, suggesting that it was caused by "a change of attitude toward the constitutive function of language". [52] The philosopher Karl Popper commented that the Logical Investigations started a "vogue" for "anti-psychologism". He also discusses the views of the philosopher Immanuel Kant, as put forward in the Critique of Pure Reason (1781), as well as those of other philosophers, including Franz Brentano, Alexius Meinong, and Wilhelm Wundt. Logical Investigations, Vols I & II Edmund Husserl Logical Investigations Edmund Husserl Translated by J. N. Findlay from the Second German edition of Logische Untersuchungen with a new Preface by Michael Dummett and edited with a new Introduction by Dermot Moran Volume I Prolegomena to pure logic (Volume I of the German editions) Logical Investigations Since 2015 the first specialized journal dedicated to logic Logical Investigations is being published (semiannually), which is the continuation of the annuary under the same name which was being published from 1993 until 2014. Heidegger pointed to Lask's Die Logik der Philosophie und die Kategorienlehre (1911) and Die Lehre vom Urteil (1912). [19] The work also influenced the sociologist Talcott Parsons' The Structure of Social Action (1937), and the Prague linguistic circle, thereby helping to establish the form of structuralism represented by the French anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss. He also calls it ‘three dimensional’ ‐ see his ‘Three‐Dimensional Logic’, Philosophical Investigations 11 (1988), pp. [58] The philosopher Judith Butler compared the Logical Investigations to the early work of the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein. 7 . [47], In Estudos e Pesquisas em Psicologia, Peres observed that Husserl's phenomenology was "received as a form of descriptive psychology" that aimed at "conceptual preparation for the development of an empirical psychology. According to Scanlon, although Husserl's critique of psychologism was widely considered devastating, he caused confusion by using the terms "phenomenology" and "descriptive psychology" interchangeably, leading some to conclude that he was presenting a new version of psychologism. [22] It also influenced the philosopher Ernst Tugendhat's work Vorlesungen zur Einführung in die sprachanalytische Philosophie (1976). [50], The philosopher Ray Monk described the Logical Investigations as obscurely written, adding that the philosopher Bertrand Russell reported finding reading it difficult. philosophical investigations which have occupied me for the last sixteen years. They noted that following the publication of the Logical Investigations, Husserl's interests shifted from logic and ontology to transcendental idealism and the methodology of phenomenology. He suggested that Husserl also misunderstood Nelson, and that his phenomenology could benefit from Nelson's "presentation of the framework of the problem of the foundation. He added that Lask beliefs about how its approach needed to be complemented anticipated Husserl's later work. Among these, Sybil Wolfram highlights the study of argument, meaning, and truth, while Colin McGinn presents identity, existence, predication, necessity and truth as the main topics of his book on the subject. This study continues in the modern era, and indeed gained considerable momentum during the past century, in part due to the development of both model-theoretic and proof-theoretic methods in first-order logic. DOI link for Philosophical Logic. He criticizes empiricism, and critiques psychologism, a position on the nature of logic according to which, the "essential theoretical foundations of logic lie in psychology"; Husserl criticizes the philosopher John Stuart Mill, taking his views on logic as an example of psychologism. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus Logisch-philosophische Abhandlung By Ludwig Wittgenstein First published by Kegan Paul (London), 1922. Upon Frege’sadvice, in 1911 he went to Cambridge to study with BertrandRussell. Hume thinks that logic used in this wayinvolves a dangerous change of subject matter. Philosophy of logic is devoted to the investigation, analysis and reflection on issues arising in logic, while philosophical logic concerns questions about reference, truth, quantification, existence, entailment, predication, identity, modality, and necessity. They concern many subjects: the concepts of meaning, of understanding, of a proposition, of logic, the foundations of mathematics, states of consciousness, and other things. The variety of senses that logos possesses may suggest the difficulties to be encountered in characterizing the nature and scope of logic. [60] Moran wrote that the Logical Investigations exerted an influence on 20th-century European philosophy comparable to that which Sigmund Freud's The Interpretation of Dreams (1899) had exerted on psychoanalysis. How did nature produce logic exactly? [1] Among these, Sybil Wolfram highlights the study of argument, meaning, and truth,[2] while Colin McGinn presents identity, existence, predication, necessity and truth as the main topics of his book on the subject.[3]. [46] Marchesi argued that while it is widely accepted that "Husserl developed his most sophisticated theory of intentionality" in the Logical Investigations, it had incorrectly been interpreted as non-relational by most commentators. The Logical Investigations influenced philosophers such as Martin Heidegger and Emil Lask, and contributed to the development of phenomenology, continental philosophy, and structuralism. "[48] In Psicologia USP, he argued that Husserl understood phenomenology as a "peculiar form of descriptive psychology". [28], Discussions of the work in Inquiry include those by Wayne M. Martin and Lilian Alweiss. [25], Zuidervaart wrote that the Logical Investigations have been variously interpreted by Anglo-American commentators, being seen as idealist by the philosopher Louis Dupré and realist by the philosopher Dallas Willard, while others argue Husserl moved from realism to idealism. [33], Scanlon noted that Husserl visited Dilthey in 1905, after hearing favorable comments on his seminar on the Logical Investigations, and that Dilthey had publicly stated that the book was "epoch-making in the use of description for the theory of knowledge." He added that there has been dispute over whether Husserl has "an epistemic conception of propositional truth" according to which propositional truth "depends on discursive justification to some significant degree". However, he added that, in works such as Ideas, Husserl reformulated "the distinction between phenomenological and intentional contents" and developed an improved understanding of "the proper object of philosophical reflection". 74‐87. New in this study is the leitmotif of relevance: is-ought inferences indeed exist, but they are all irrelevant in a precise logical sense. [49], The philosopher Jacques Derrida, who studied the Logical Investigations as a student in the 1950s,[50] offered a critique of Husserl's work in Speech and Phenomena (1967). of Philosophy. and, therefore, believes it needs to investigate these phenomena, which are psychological phenomena, in order to work out a correct technology which would insure that we make correct or true judgements. S. Read, Relevant Logic: A Philosophical Examination of Inference , (Oxford, Blackwell, 1988), p. 5. July 2020. free access. Why? [30], Discussions of the work in Studia Phaenomenologica include those by Peter Andras Varga and Bernardo Ainbinder. Though they did not influence the structural linguistics of Louis Hjelmslev and Noam Chomsky, their theories have nevertheless been compared to Husserl's inquiries. He maintained that Husserl's later views on noemata were not a renunciation but a further development of those in the Logical Investigations, even though Husserl introduced the term "noema" only in Ideas. Husserl observed that while he considered the Logical Investigations a development of Brentano's ideas, Brentano himself never recognized them as such due to their "completely different method", whereas Dilthey reacted to them favorably, even though they were not indebted to his writings. He rejected the view that the Logical Investigations can be understood only from the perspective of Husserl's later work, in which he developed transcendental phenomenology. [12], Melle wrote that Husserl acknowledged in his manuscripts that the Logical Investigations suffered from shortcomings, which Husserl attributed to his initial failure to fully consider the proper sense and the full implications of their method and his lack of comprehension of how the work was related to both the history of philosophy and contemporary philosophy. "See?" These receive more attention in texts such as John P. Burgess's Philosophical Logic,[4] the Blackwell Companion to Philosophical Logic,[5] or the multi-volume Handbook of Philosophical Logic[6] edited by Dov M. Gabbay and Franz Guenthner. According to Husserl, Dilthey saw the work as "a first concrete achievement of his (own) ideas about a descriptive and analytic psychology." He added that Husserl indicated, in the second edition of the work, that it required extensive revision. and there may well be paradoxes of the sort I am concerned with in each branch. Okay, so the benefits of studying logic might not kick in quite that quickly but there really are good reasons to take a logic class or to study it yourself using a book or an online resource—even if you're not a philosophy major. [5], The Logical Investigations was first published in two volumes in 1900 and 1901 by M. Niemeyer. Philosophical logic refers to those areas of philosophy in which recognized methods of logic have traditionally been used to solve or advance the discussion of philosophical problems. Philosophy includes many different subfields involving investigation into our existence. Logic, the investigation suggests, is grounded in Pages: 197-298. [59], Donn Welton stated that in the Logical Investigations, Husserl introduced a novel conception of the relationships between language and experience, meaning and reference, and subject and object, and by his work on theories dealing with meaning, truth, the subject, and the object, helped create phenomenology, a new form of philosophy that went beyond psychologism, formalism, realism, idealism, objectivism and subjectivism, and made twentieth century continental philosophy possible. This book presents an investigation of this time-honored problem by means of alethic-deontic predicate logic. Structure. Husserl's assessment of the Logical Investigations has been discussed in the Journal of Speculative Philosophy by Ullrich Melle; the journal also published Husserl's manuscript “On the Task and Historical Position of the Logical Investigations”. Years ago I wrote -- And so there is a fundamental question in logic (as Socrates and later Wittgenstein used the word 'logic') that remains unclear to me. (3) Symbolic Logic is a further development of Formal Logic. The Distinction between a sign and the meaning of a sign (Why logic of language uses quotation marks… [37], Płotka argued that Husserl's program of objective investigation could be reformulated in a way that made it possible to understand phenomenology as "therapeutic science", involving "the methodological movement of the possibility for communal formulation of transcendental investigation. When Husserl later published Ideas (1913), he lost support from some followers who believed the work adopted a different philosophical position from that which Husserl had endorsed in the Logical Investigations. January‐April 2020. October 2020. "[12], The Logical Investigations influenced the philosopher Martin Heidegger. [32], Other discussions of the Logical Investigations in academic journals include those by Dieter Münch in the Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology,[33] the philosopher Dallas Willard in The Review of Metaphysics,[34] Juan Jesús Borobia in Tópicos. According to Drummond, Husserl wrote a partial and preliminary revision, including "a new distinction between signitive and significative intentions", and "the claim that all meaning-conferring acts, including nominal acts, and all meaning-fulfilling acts, including those fulfilling nominal acts, are categorially formed." A good deal of Wittgenstein’s later work on mathematics has been collected and edited by G.H. [29][30], Martin defended Husserl against Dummett's argument that his attempt to extend an analysis of the structure of meaningful expressions into an account of the structure of meaning in experience is a form of psychologism and idealism. A Contemporary Introduction. How do you prove that a logical proof is correct? In 2001, a new edition of Findlay's translation with a preface by the philosopher Michael Dummett and an introduction by the philosopher Dermot Moran was published by Routledge. He also argued that Husserl put forward a theory of truth in the work that represented a departure from that of his early writings, and that Husserl anticipated both aspects of artificial intelligence and criticisms of artificial intelligence made by philosophers such as John Searle and Hubert Dreyfus. Ainbinder further argued that the work could be seen, despite Husserl's view of it, as "a proper work of transcendental philosophy", noting that Lask, like Heidegger, believed that Husserl overlooked its "key tools for transcendental thought", and as a result was led into "subjectivistic idealism". 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